As the pandemic cuts a swathe through Brazil, analysts are anticipating strong support for the iron ore price will prevail, and the focus is on China’s stimulus expenditure.

-Second half surplus unlikely to be enough to reduce price substantially
-Vale production guidance likely to be a challenge
-Easing restrictions in South Africa and India required to alleviate any tightness
 

Iron ore continues to provoke and excite speculation as industrial activity re-emerges from the pandemic-related shutdowns. Iron ore prices have cut through US$100/t, supported by resilient demand from China and reduced Brazilian exports, amid a lack of alternative marginal supply.

China accounts for around 70% of seaborne demand and its quick recovery from the pandemic has boosted expectations. A return to pre-pandemic output is not considered likely in the short term but a modest recovery could be expected.

UBS notes Chinese steel mills have opted to keep production running, despite an abrupt slowing in downstream demand as a result of restrictions on mobility. Actual forecast heights for steel stocks were never reached and inventory has been in decline since restrictions started to lift, so the broker prefers to focus on the trajectory rather than absolute levels. A “slim” surplus in 2020 is expected and prices should trend lower as long as Brazil is able to increase exports.

Still, Credit Suisse points out China’s blast furnaces are at capacity of over 91% and demand is unlikely to lift further. True, South African and Peruvian mines are expected to recover and a move to surplus should mean the iron ore price eases, but robust prices above US$75/t (a US$75-95/t range) are likely for the next 12 months.

Goldman Sachs anticipates 2020 will be much like 2019, with a big first-half deficit in iron ore followed by a second-half surplus. Hence, the broker upgrades iron ore benchmark forecasts to US$86/t for 2020 and US$80/t for 2021 and expects Vale will sell 311mt of iron ore and China’s steel production will peak mid year.

Iron ore will move to a surplus in the second half of 2020, despite the outbreak of coronavirus in Vale operations, Credit Suisse asserts, and any serious softening of the iron ore price will need substantially increased supply. Australian shipments are already running strongly so there is little upside from that quarter.

JPMorgan upgrades steel production forecasts in China to growth of 1.2% from a contraction of -1.5% based on better-than-expected April output, which was up 0.2%. There is also an encouraging recovery in demand as port inventory throughout May was drawn down. Hence, marking to market in 2020 and factoring in stronger Chinese demand, 2020 and 2021 forecasts are lifted to US$91/t and US$80/t, respectively.

Brazil

Brazil is the pivot point for supply and in the year to date exports are down -12%. Supply was mixed throughout May and did pick up over the last couple of weeks. Yet, Vale is facing a difficult time lifting its run rate, given heavy rain in the first quarter. JPMorgan suspects this may also relate to indirect impacts from the pandemic, such as longer maintenance periods and difficulties in procuring equipment, envisaging downside risks to Vale’s 310-330mt production guidance.

Morgan Stanley does not believe Vale will lower its 2020 production guidance but agrees it could be challenging to deliver because of likely delays in the required approvals to re-start operations, and the impact of the pandemic could be greater than the guidance reflects. Total cases in Brazil have risen 40% week on week and the outbreak in that country remains in the early stages.